Blood clotting enzyme Essay

Serine protease proteins are important enzymes involved in the process of blood coagulation. Blood coagulation is an importance defense mechanism that prevents the host mammal organism from losing excess blood or from forming unwanted blood clot. The process of coagulation can be initiated by both intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors. A cascade of event is followed which activate these enzymes; normally the enzymes are inactive state a condition called zymogens. Zymogens by their virtual condition of being inactive prevent unwanted blood clotting which may have a far reaching consequence such as thrombosis. Blood clotting in a series of processes, in which the zymogens’ need to be activated by reacting with its glycoprotein co-factors. Among the serine protease is the thrombin enzyme factor five (v) responsible for clearing clot in the blood. The enzyme is usually present circulating in plasma which is made up of a single monomer chain, it life span can range from 12 to 36 hours. In human the main regulator in blood coagulation is erythrocytes leukemia cells which activate adenylate cyclase, the process is reversible by the interaction of Aalpa-thrombin with glycoprotein while b alpha enhance the platelets interaction which initiate the proteolytic process. Fibrin-bound thrombin is cleaved by thrombin at a very specific site at the extracellular N-terminal, PAR-1 regulates a number of endothelial cell biology, vascular development but more so is a mediator of thrombin signaling. The human thrombin consist of two gamma chains namely the gamma A and gamma’ the final stage of coagulation of mammalian blood involves the cleavage of the four arginine and glycine bond. Binding studies shows both fibrin 1 and fibrin 2 with low affinity to the E domain and high binding affinity at the extreme end of 408 to 425 on the gamma chain The mode of action involves conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by breaking the bonds in the fibrinogen at a precise position of arginine and glycine where the fibrin peptides are released. The serine proteases require restructuring itself in order to fit the key and lock model. The glycine at the position five is highly conserved because it is the one which occupy the active site which is determine by the acryl group during the substrate conformation. Asparagines 189 help the enzyme to easily recognize the substrate. The active site is entirely made of histidine 57, asparagines 102, serine 195 and serine 214. The reaction on many a times prefers position 1 to position 4 during remodeling, therefore the type of protein presence to a large extend determine the kind protease and also the kind of cleavage to take place. Thrombin activation is regulated by pentapeptide of the COOH terminus of the factor (v) heavy chains. Thrombin and thrombin receptors is another regulatory point where they both posses strong protective barrier and at the same time cancerous cells were eliminated by apoptosis. A study carried out using mitochondrial membranes which were depolarized using attenuated Catalase lead to controlled cell death. Statistical finding indicate that 30% of the population carried world wide indicated that activated peptide segment at position 4 of factor eight caused a substitution in V34L after binding the structure and analyzing the interaction according to (Brenda 2010). The switching of receptor is PAR-1-dependent signaling specifically to thrombin resulting inhibition of adhesion cell surface which activate thrombin the ligand occupancy position switches the protease receptor by signaling specifically to the thrombin. Human cell in culture indicated low amount of thrombin and receptor PAR-1 agonist induced strong anti-inflammatory activities which was secondary effect of the low concentration of thrombin after activation by P13 kinase and PAR-1. Thrombin like other enzymes is very specific in the binding domain and the insertion loop which is determined by the residues involved in ligand binding as result of interaction glycoprotein and protease receptor on the platelet membrane. This uniqueness makes it very efficient in it task according to (Webert 2006). The enzyme play vital role in homeostasis, cell differentiation, thrombosis and activation of blood cell types, on exposure to phosphatidylserine on the outer surface the platelets were stimulated. A study done using heparin indicated an overlap of the active site, which was attributed to the interaction of thrombin and the gamma peptide chains to the external and the interaction to the active site in close proximity to the Na+ of the substrate. The role of the enzyme can be explained in terms of NA+ binding to thrombin on the basis of prothrombotic and procoagulant. The cascade is a continuous cycle of events that are activated by two factors ,factor (ix) and factor (viii) to form tenase complex which is discontinued by down regulation that occur in the following mechanism which include; serpin (serine protease inhibitors) which function to degrade thrombin and other activation factors, it can also be regulated by protein C where thromodulin bind to it and is inactivate in the presence of protein S, limiting the action of tissue factor by the tissue factor pathway inhibitors by inhibiting excessive TF mediated activation of factor (ix) and factor (x), plasmin help to degrade fibrin hence preventing more fibrin being formed and lastly but not the least regulation through adenylate cyclase pathway by inhibiting platelet activation by decreasing cytosol level of calcium which ultimately result to decreased release of granules which are responsible for the activation of more platelets and coagulation cascade. In conclusion the work play by thrombin enzyme is of paramount importance considering the complexity of the enzyme kinetics involved in the human body. References Brenda Enzyme database retrieved on 13 August 2010 from http://www. brenda-enzymes. org/php/result_flat. php4? ecno=3. 4. 21. 5 Furie B, Furie BC (2005). â€Å"Thrombus formation in vivo†. J. Clin. Invest. 115 (12): retrieved on 12 August 2010 from http://www. jci. org/cgi/content/full/115/12/3355. Webert KE, Cook RJ, Sigouin CS, (2006). The risk of bleeding in thrombocytopenic patients with acute myeloid leukemia. haematologica .

Whether Taxation Is The Most Effective Solution To Market Failures

?Discuss whether taxation is the most effective solution to market failures arising from negative externalities Market failure is when the free market fails to provide an efficient allocation of resources. Negative externalities are the costs to a third party of a particular action, and it is where the social cost is greater than the private cost. Taxation is a solution to correct market failure which is arising from negative externalities. Introducing an indirect tax, (a tax levied on goods and services), can generate a reduction in consumption of the good which produce the negative externalities.An indirect tax can internalise the cost of the negative externality by discouraging its production. The government places a tax on producers, which will increase their costs of production. This can be shown in a diagram. The increase in costs of production will reduce supply and therefore shift the supply curve in from S to S1 which results in an increase in price from P to P1 and a decrea se in quantity from Q to Q1. The tax is indicated on the graph as the difference between S and S1. However, the effectiveness of this tax depends on the price elasticity of demand for the product.If the PED is inelastic, consumers will be unresponsive to a change in price, so producers may pass on most of the tax burden to consumers, who will continue to buy the product. The tax set by the government must be equal to the size of the external costs associated with the product, and this is difficult to set especially if the effect is not quantifiable. If the tax was set too low, it would be ineffective, and if it was set too high, the consumers may stop purchasing it altogether, which may have other undesirable outcomes. The amount of tax paid by the consumer is shown by area A, and the amount paid by producers is shown by area B.Ideally, producers should bear the full cost of the tax, but goods with inelastic demand may mean that they shift this on to consumers. Where consumers pay m ore, this is a situation where taxation is ineffective at reducing market failure as it has not reduced consumption of goods causing negative externalities. A reason why indirect taxation may be effective in correcting market failure is that the policy will generate revenue for the government. The revenue collected will be greater if the tax is set on inelastic goods because this means that consumers will pay for them regardless of an increase in price.Also, the revenue gathered from the tax can be used to fund schemes to reduce consumption of the product, for example, educating the younger people on the negative effects of an action. The revenue could also be used to correct the market failure by minimising the effect on the third parties. Another way of dealing with negative externalities is government legislation to correct the market failure. Placing restrictions on demerit goods, (their consumption is more harmful than realised), can help to reduce market failure as it is their use that often leads to negative externalities arising.Legislation can be effective, but it takes a long time to enforce and can also be costly. Overall, introduction of an indirect tax can reduce market failure which arises from negative externalities. The reduction in supply that results from the tax increases the price and decreases the quantity, which causes a shift along the demand curve. This increase in price may deter consumers from purchasing the good. However, it is difficult to set the correct amount of tax on the good, because often, the negative effects are not quantifiable, and their value must be judged.It is important that the level of tax is just right, because if it is set too low, it will be ineffective, and if set too high, consumers may completely stop purchasing it, which may have other undesirable effects. The producer must pay the greater proportion of the tax, but if the demand for the product is inelastic, they may shift this on to consumers, who will pay for it regardless of the price. On its own, taxation may not be the most effective way of correcting market failure arising from negative externalities, but together with legislation, may provide to be more effective..

Artificial Intelligence A Threat Or Not Computer Science Essay

Artificial Intelligence A Threat Or Not Computer Science Essay Abstract- This research paper gives a short introduction to the basics of robotics in the context of artificial intelligence. Artificial Intelligence is a branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like humans.This paper describes some bad effects that can happen in the future due to the influence of artificial intelligence. INTRODUCTION Now in the society, we are living on a world of machines. We depend on machines for every field of our life. Everything around us are applications of artificial intelligence. Air conditioners, cameras, video games, medical equipment ,were traffic lights, refrigerators, etc work on a â€Å"smart† technology . Artificial Intelligence is  a branch of computer science that works on to create a computer systems capable to react like a human being. That is to make machines capable of sensing the world around it, to understand conversations and to take decisions as a human would . Computers have more computational power than the human brain Now, computers are millions of times faster than they were fifty years ago. Human brains seem to be far â€Å"faster† than computers for a wide variety of tasks. Still, greater computational speed does make some so-called Artificial Intelligent systems seem smarter Artificial intelligence (AI) have a great role in the field of robotics. Artificial Intelligence in robotics covers topics like natural language processing, design, human factors, and computing theory. Natural language processing, a subfield of Artificial Intelligence, provides computers with the understanding they require to handle information being encoded by humans. Computer vision instructs computers on how to comprehend images and scenes. It has as some of its goals: image recognition, image tracking and image mapping. This application is valued in the fields of medicine, security, surveillance, military operations, even movie-making. Since the beginnings of civilization man has had a fascinat ion for a human-like creation that would assist him. Robotics and machines come to existence from this logic Artificial Intelligence to the Hollywood generation is mostly about androids, humanoids and robots. It is about machines going out of control, replacing humanity and world domination. There is a chance of happening this situation in future due to the influence of Artificial Intelligence. WHAT IS AN INTELLIGENT MACHINE When we say intelligent machine it does not mean that it is a machine which can solve any complex program that even humans get troubled. Calculators are not intelligent. Calculators give the right answers to challenging math problems, but everything they â€Å"know† is preprogrammed by people. They can never learn anything new. Calculators are able to solve problems entirely because people are already able to solve those same problems. We have generated many computing devices that can solve mathematical problems of enormous complexity, but those were not actually intelligent. They are preprogrammed to do exactly what we want them to do. They accept input and generate the correct output. They may do it at blazingly fast speeds, but their underlying mechanisms depend on humans having already worked out how to write the programs that control their behavior. An intelligent machine is a machine that does not have any preprogrammed data in it to solve a problem. We can also say that it is a machine which have an ability to think

PwC Pays for Priority; New Recruiting Tool for College Students Gives Essay

PwC Pays for Priority; New Recruiting Tool for College Students Gives Accounting Firm Top Billing - Essay Example In this paper, we are going to look at its stretch in expanding its reach as far as accounting is concerned. Its key competitors are KPMG, Ernst & Young, and Deloitte LLP. These firms are all using the same technique to expand their activities; recruiting thousand of undergraduates and graduates as well as promoting these activities through advertisements in media such as Facebook and Twitter (PwC Pays for Priority (article), 2010). PWC has chosen 60 top colleges where it will be channeling funds by sponsoring the education. The top accounting students will get recruitments in the firm as interns for undergraduates and full-time employment for graduates. The competitors have also designed their tactics, they are all competing for new graduates regardless of the current economic crisis all over the world (PwC Pays for Priority (article), 2010). The firm plans to recruit over 5,500 graduates and undergraduates from different colleges and universities in USA. This is the combination of both new employees and interns. Records how that it is an improvement compared to the previous years where it recruited 4,600 last year and 4,800 the year before the previous recruitment. Financial accounting records shows that the firm has been improving as far as its returns are concerned and this has been proven by its $26.57 billion revenue. This was a 1.5% growth from the previous years regardless of the global crisis; Western Europe is the largest company’s source of revenue followed by Caribbean and North America (PwC Pays for Priority (article), 2010). The firm has challenged its competitors in using techniques such as media in the recruiting process and Twitter. In the career pages of the firm, it has equipped it with online chats where recruiters discuss different issues with recruits. This was designed early last year, if any student is interested, he/she will just interact with the recruitment crew and if he/she

Zinc and Vitamin D Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Zinc and Vitamin D - Essay Example Both of them have their own important functions which are necessary for the survival of the body. Zinc is a metallic element which is an essential product required by our body. It is present in some foods naturally alongwith certain drug supplements which contain the essential element. It is quite important in the metabolic functions of the body as it helps in improving the activity of the enzymes in the body. It is an important element for people who are undergoing growth for example children and pregnant women. It also helps in improving the immune functions of the body. The animal sources of Zinc are red meat, poultry and shellfish whereas the plant sources of Zinc are grains, nuts, seeds, legumes and rice. I think that i am getting enough of the element because my diet contains red meat and nuts almost on a daily basis. Vitamin D is also known as cholecalciferol in medical terminology. It is a fat soluble vitamin which is necessary for the absorption of calcium from the gut. Vita min D plays an important function in maintaining the calcium and phosphorus level in the blood. It is also important in preventing diseases like rickets and osteoporosis. I need the nutrient so i can balance my intake of calcium and strengthen my bones with the right deposition of calcium. Vitamin D can be found in dairy products of cheese, butter, fortified milk and cream. It is also found in fish, cereals and margarine. I think that i get enough of Vitamin D as my daily diet contains of margarine and milk. References Guyton, Arthur C, and John E. Hall.  Textbook of Medical Physiology. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders, 2006. Internet resource.

Impact of social media on political change in Egypt Term Paper

Impact of social media on political change in Egypt - Term Paper Example Facebook, Twitter and YouTube have become the most famous sites of social media. These sites bring people on a single platform and give them information all around the world. These are good at interacting people and to stay connected round the clock. It gives updates about what is happening around the people. Moreover, these give freedom of expression to every person residing in any part of the world, which is important to maintain peace in the region (â€Å"The New Arab Revolt†) The role of Social Media in Arab spring (Middle East) The events that took place a year ago in the Middle East made an intense debate on the role played by the social media. The Arab countries are facing two big challenges, which are economic growth and job creation. Hisham Matar considered revolution a boring thing (Albanyadmin). In such situations what was the role of social media? According to Matar, internet was an exaggeration, which represents that the internet was accessible to the elite in the Middle East also; they knew only how to use it who were the ones that brought revolution (Albanyadmin). The second view was that the social media spike an online revolutionary talk after the events that took place in the Middle East. ... The protestors made wide use of these platforms in order to keep united, which gave fanning to the flames. Moreover, it proved that the revolutionary power could not be controlled or stopped by the government authorities. The government had almost failed in their attempt to stop these protests, which were being aided by the social media. When the Egypt government shut off the internet and mobile networks for 5 days from January 28, 2011, it brought out more protesters on the roads, which became a real big problem for the Egyptian government. Social media provided a platform to the Egyptians to raise their voices. It became a source of news and courage to the protestors (Albanyadmin). Matar said that the internet has created a new language (Albanyadmin). The protestors became more violent by this support of social media. Secondly, the outside world has uprisings, which created Arab spring in the past. The protests, disturbances and revolutions were not new. In 1990s, the green mountai n of the Libya had uprisings in the east of the country. Also the same things happened in the 2011 revolution in Libya. The helicopters were sent by Gadaffi to limit the protestors, which also made bombardments on its own citizens (Albanyadmin). There was no as such news about it around the world as there was no proof of it. Especially in Egypt’s revolution, social media played a crucial role. Merely in 18 days, Egyptians succeeded in stepping down President Hosni Mubarak from the power, which reigned almost 30 years. In Tunisia’s revolution, it took 28 days but the result was less peaceful than in Egypt. In Libya, it took 9 months for a revolution to take place with poor peace results (Richards). Reports show

Is killing animals , or making them suffer, for human ends morally Essay

Is killing animals , or making them suffer, for human ends morally defensible - Essay Example My opinion extends to other human activities that put harm animal which are not necessary, such as poaching or game hunting or animal fights. There is a fundamental moral principle which permits us to share a kind of equal treatment that concerns all human beings and with every kind of differences that exist between and every one of us. I believe that this moral code is not only limited to human beings, but also to other living sentient beings in our environment. I believe that respect for life even extends to non-human living organisms and that animals have every right to be treated with much care and equanimity as we do with a fellow human being. Even if non-human animals are lacking superior and complex rational faculties and capabilities compared to humans, their existence is something to be valued and not to be brushed aside so brusquely. If one were to look at it, an average person would rather dismiss the issue of animal rights while not being able to sit down and swallow the problems of racial discrimination. The reason behind this is that people in general, most of the time ignorantly or unintentionally, have speciesism as part of their mindset. Speciesism could be defined as the belief that one kind of species among all other members of the group is more superior to the rest, therefore the rationale for dominance, subjugation or annihilation of the superior specie against the more inferior. In this case, humanity has seen itself at the highest pedestal of the food chain. Singer made this observation on speciesism in this manner: This attitude reflects a popular prejudice against taking the interests of animals seriously - a prejudice no better founded than the prejudice of white slaveowners against taking the interests of their African slaves seriously. It is easy for us to criticise the prejudices of our grandfathers, from which our fathers freed themselves. It is more difficult to distance ourselves from our own views, so that we can dispassionately search for prejudices among the beliefs and values we hold. What is needed now is a willingness to follow the arguments where they lead, without a prior assumption that the issue is not worth our attention (55-56). I would now come to think that if animals were in the same level as human beings, perhaps in the eyes of a Higher Being such as God, animals were and are still the most abused group of organisms on the Earth. Yet, most of us human beings are not too concerned about this because there is either lack of care or concern. It can be said then that the lack of compassion is what kills animals by human hands. I think there is more to that than just a lack of care for life, something that is more logical. For example, If a person were to be asked whether it is better to put a human being or an animal as a test subject for a scientific experiment that could find a cure for a deadly disease and save millions of lives, would it be certain to say that the person would choose another human being to be put under the knife than an animal? Even if the person being asked was an animal lover or animal rights advocate, I most certainly doubt that any psychologically normal person would choose another human being in a heartbeat. People would rather have an animal go under the experimentation instead since it human beings have more attachment and concern for another human being than an animal. I will not be a hypocrite to say that I know any better about this matter. If being asked the same question, I would

Provision Of Services In The Financial Sector Essay - 7

Provision Of Services In The Financial Sector - Essay Example Most of these adults are located in Asia, Latin America, and Africa. The mobile phone device is also changing the provision of services in the financial sector. The cell phones are regarded as cost-effective. The improvement in the technology sector has enabled the use of cell phones in the financial sector. The poor individuals in the society manage a wide range of financial instruments. In most cases, the microfinance sector has several requirements including insurance coverage, loans for emergency needs, pensions and microenterprise loans among others (Dommel 13). The financial sector should address the constrictions entailed in the financial service providers in order to reduce the poverty rates in most regions. This is because most individuals will be supported to invest and also save their money for future use. For instance, the financial service providers should be able to increase access to remittances in the rural areas. They should also consider providing enhancing savings groups and increasing branchless banking.

To what extent has female drinking changed in Britain Essay

To what extent has female drinking changed in Britain - Essay Example One of the most prominent aspects of women’s liberation or emancipation and that of the increased financial independence has been the increased rate of female drinking. In other words, the changes in women’s social status have resulted in female drinking habits being changed. â€Å"Women are now drinking more alcohol than previous generations, with the rate of consumption set to increase. Women’s raised economic and social status has resulted in the liberalization of attitudes towards female drinking. The conversion of bars and pubs from primarily male to unisex areas has meant that it is now more acceptable for women to drink without men. The boundaries between male and consumption patterns are also blurring, with women choosing drinks that were once exclusively male.† (World News: Female Drinking on the Increase). This has been a universal fact that the drinking habit of women is increased tremendously. However, the female drinking in the UK has increase d in an alarming pace that it has been often regarded as one of the most captivating issues related to women in the nation. This has been often remarked that in the UK the increase in female drinking has several consequential effects which make the issue even more relevant for discussion. In this paper, the focus has been on the increasing rate of female drinking and its effects on the society. The fundamental question that the paper is concerned with has been to what extent has female drinking changed in Britain and the results of the investigation conducted have wide ranging implications. Female drinking has changed to a great extent in Britain and there are several conditions that made this possible. More and more women get addicted to alcohol these days due to the modern trends in living and social set up. Sophisticated changes in every field can be traced in an understanding of the reasons that increase female drinking in Britain. In the era of liberalization, where women have got more

The Americans with Disabilities Act Compliance Essay

The Americans with Disabilities Act Compliance - Essay Example The essay "The Americans with Disabilities Act Compliance" analyzes The Americans with Disabilities Act, ADA (1990) which entails civil rights law, which hinders discrimination according to disability. ADA requires the management of organizations to provide appropriate accommodations to the staffs with disabilities. Staffs should be trained on ADA compliance. The training is diverse and ensures that employees with disabilities are comfortable in the work environment. The training should focus on the rights of the employees with disabilities. One right that disabled employees must be given, especially by the management staffs, is promotion opportunities for qualified individuals including the disabled. The employees must also be trained on flexible work arrangements, so as to effectively accommodate staffs with disabilities. For example, assisting employees to telecommute, and hence, work at home effectively using telecommunication devices like the internet enabled computers. The work experience of the disabled staffs can be empathetically improved by all employees. The employees should participate in teamwork. Teamwork encourages equal participation, especially during decision making. The disabled staffs, who embrace team spirit, have adequate opportunities for engaging in communication. The dis abled staffs should be effectively considered in the succession planning. Succession planning ensures that the disabled staffs are continuously equipped with the appropriate skills.

China online banking development Essay Example for Free

China online banking development Essay China is expected to become the largest information technology (IT) market in the world in the next five years, acknowledging that computers will be popular in Chinese families by that time. China now ranks No. 2 in Internet subscribers in the world. Owing to Chinas large population, the countrys Internet market still has great potential. Information technology has been utilized in almost all sectors of Chinas economy today. E-government, e-business, e-finance, and upgrading of state-owned enterprises will all provide more opportunities for the development of the industry in  China is expected to become the largest information technology (IT) market in the world in the next five years, acknowledging that computers will be popular in Chinese families by that time. China now ranks No. 2 in Internet subscribers in the world. Owing to Chinas large population, the countrys Internet market still has great potential. Information technology has been utilized in almost all sectors of Chinas economy today. E-government, e-business, e-finance, and upgrading of state-owned enterprises will all provide more opportunities for the development of the industry in China. Read the Memo sent out by Jaime about 2004 Mid-Year Offsite Business-planning meeting conducted by S1 management team, the key topic of Perfecting our International and Distribution Business caught my attention. Learned the news that Macau Tai Fung bank implemented S1 Banking Solution to launched its online banking services, and found out that S1 opened an office in Beijing Chinas capital city, I got a feeling that S1 already turned its eyes to Chinese Market and wonder whether S1s management would like to make further moves and seize the opportunity. Before left China to immigrant to Canada, I had 6 years working experiences in Beijing-my home city, dealing with Chinese financial agencies and institutions, Chinese and foreign banks as well as other financial institutions and service providers in China, Im quite familiar with Chinese financial industry structure. Id like to reuse my knowledge and made this online research report. If S1 is interested in expanding business in China, but not clear what is the situation there and where to start, my research report will, I hope to a certain extent, answer some of your questions. The main purpose of this report is to provide some information and personal suggestions that, I hope, could be helpful for S1s management or marketing team to better understand Chinese market. This report includes information covering Chinese banking system structure, the emergence and development of Internet banking and online insurance services in China, Chinese governments policies and regulations toward online banking and insurance business as well as some prepositional thoughts about how to present S1 and its products to China. Naissance of Online Banking in China In the late 1990s, China began allowing banks to open online businesses. In 1996, China Merchants Bank launched the 1st online financing service in China through All in One Net, an online payment method, which set up the basic operating pattern of China online banking. On October 1997, the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) established its own homepage on Internet to promote its financing services and to provide business guide for Internet users. March 1998, Bank of China successfully handled its first e-transaction. To 1999, all major banks in China had sped up their online banking construction. To date, online banking has made good progress in China. According to statistics from the recently seminar called International Symposium on the Development of Online Banking and Supervision sponsored by China Banking Regulatory Commission, Chinas online bank transactions are expected to reach 20 trillion yuan (about 2. 4 trillion US dollars) by the end of this year. Currently, China has over 40 million individuals and 60,000 companies and institutions involved in online banking businesses. In 2003, Internet-based banking businesses have witnessed a big step forward, owing to the outbreak of SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome). Traditionally, Chinese have placed a premium on face-to-face meeting for important business-related matters, but the SARS crisis has forced people to change their attitude. Online Banking Development in China China is in the early stages of a vast transformation from a traditional cash and carry banking system where customers use the branches for almost every banking activity to a modern Internet banking system. Currently, more than 50 commercial banks (domestic and foreign) and over 200 of their branches in China have opened websites, among which, a total of over 50 banks have launched online businesses. The Growth of Online Banking Customers in China Chinas online bank transactions were 14. 3 billion yuan in 2001, increased to 21. 8 billion yuan in 2003, and are expected to reach 20 trillion yuan (about 2. 4 trillion US dollars) by the end of this year. Figure 3. 1: The Growth of Online Banking Customers in China Online Shopping Payment Methods in China. According to a survey made by China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC), payment online by credit card and deposit card is becoming the 1st choice for online purchasing. The traditional payment method of payment on delivery by cash and postal remittance decreased 3. 7% this year. Figure 3. 2: Online Purchasing Payment Methods in China An analysis shows that security and service abilities are the main concerns for Chinese to use online banking services, 72. 2% of the people inquired care a lot about whether the banks can guarantee the safety of all transactions in their online services, 60. 6% hope to see more functions and flexibilities. Figure 3. 3: Factors that that will attract Chinese to use online banking services Both Chinese and foreign banks in China realized that the internet solutions provide clients with more channels to communicate with them and allow them to benefit from greater control and cost efficiency, which are top of mind for treasurers today. Domestic Banks and Their Online Banking Services For many Chinese, banking in general is a new experience and in an economy where cash remains important, so bank branches also provide security to customers. However, with accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO), Chinas major banks having to face competition, the local players are increasingly seeing their extensive and heavily manned branch networks as a liability. More and more Chinese banks seem to have discovered the Internet as new source of revenue and the powerful attraction of Internet banking is reflected an attractive proposition. The Chinese bank that has bee quickest off the mark in building Internet banking is China Merchant Bank, which launched the first online financing service in China in 1996. The four state-owned commercial banks quickly followed and successively began to offer some online services since then. May 2000, the Agricultural Bank of China (ABC) implemented a trial Internet banking service in its Guangzhou Branch, which allowed their customers in Guangdong province to access their account through Internet. December 2000, ABC launched online banking service in Shanghai called 95599 Online Bank. The new service of 95599 Online bank has reportedly attracted a number of large corporate clients, such as China Worldbest Group and Shanghai Volkswagen. The services offered include currency exchange, personal cheque issuance and access to consumer loans. Users can also report the loss of certificates of deposit, bankbooks and bankcards as well as prearrange withdrawals of cash sums. At the same time, China Construction Bank (CCB) announced its plans to extend its online banking services to 15 cities in the mainland as well as simplify the process of related authentication in a bid to boost the number of clients using online services. The bank began offering online services in April 2000 in cities of Beijing, Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Qingdao. Last year, the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) unveiled a new platform for its personal online banking business [emailprotected] ICBC officials said the upgraded e-banking platform could facilitate a key shift of the banks outlets from all-round functions to sales-orientated services, and gives it a firmer foothold in a market with intensifying foreign competition. ICBC officials said the 58-function brand-name allows almost all services a traditional banking outlet offers to be processed by the client on the computer, including 24-hour any-amount transfers of funds or remittances, securities and foreign currency trading as well as collateralized loans. Figure 3. 4: Internet Services provided by the 4 state-owned commercial banks Name Website URL Language Internet Services The Agricultural Bank of China (ABC) www. abocn. com Chinese Simplified Banking industry news and website news, Regulation for foreign currency deposits Link to online banking Bank of China (BOC) www. bank-of-china. com Chinese Simplified English Link to branch offices in other cities and provinces Link to E-banking services Cash management Information on the bank and its activities Information on credit card deposits online and phone banking, loans and remittances. China Construction Bank www. ccb-on-line. com Chinese Simplified English Links to exchange rates, stock quotes, deposit rates, loan rates, bank fees. Link to branch offices in other cities and provinces Credit card information. International Operations such as financing, merchant banking, international settlements, currency exchange, treasury services, credit investigations Information on oversea branches and domestic branches that conduct international transactions Foreign currency deposit, multi-currency remittances, account settlement and term deposit. Link to online banking and payment The Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) www. icbc. com. cn Chinese Simplified Chinese Traditional English Link to branch offices in other cities and provinces Link to online bank services: personal banking, corporate Banking. Information on E-banking Online financing Links to exchange rates, stock quotes, deposit rates, loan rates, bank fees. Foreign Banks and Their Online Banking Services Citibank claims that they are the 1st foreign bank in China that obtained approval from the Peoples Bank of China (PCBC) to offer Internet banking services in China to both domestic and international corporations, as well as consumers. Its Internet banking services provide clients with convenient, easy-to-use, and secure access to banking transactions, 24 hours a day, seven days a week, over the Web. Offering its CitiDirect corporate banking service for cash management, the bank has developed an internet-based payments system specifically for the country. The system enables corporate clients in China to make local currency (renminbi) payment transactions to beneficiaries in over 7000 locations. The system, called Citibank Easy Payments, also delivers various payment and collections reports for clients to view or download into their computers. Its Internet-based banking services available in China for corporate and consumer clients include: CitiDirect(r) Online Banking is Citibanks Web-based delivery channel for corporate clients, designed to securely deliver online an ever-expanding array of Citibank transaction products. CitiDirect(r) Online Banking provides access to account information, payment initiation capabilities, collections data, trade finance transactions, and import/export file integration capabilities. CitiDirect(r) replaces traditional electronic banking applications with a single Web-based delivery channel, thereby improving efficiency and reducing costs to clients. Available in 90 countries and 20 languages including traditional and simplified Chinese, CitiDirecti Online Banking gives clients the benefits of real-time processing, robust security and integration with their in-house treasury systems. * Citibank Easy Payments, an Internet-based payment system that allows corporate clients in China to make local currency (Renminbi) payment transactions to beneficiaries in over 7000 locations in China. This system was specifically developed for the China market. Citibank Easy Payments also delivers various payment and collections reports for clients to view or download into their computers. Citibank Easy Payments supports interface with all major Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) packages such as SAP, Oracle, BPCS as well as locally developed Chinese accounting packages. Citibank. com. cn, an Internet banking portal that allows corporations and consumers to manage their accounts online, make online enquiries or transactions, view customize and personalize pages as well as get online tools and real-time global market information. Global banking group HSBC, Hang Seng Bank and Bank of East Asia received online-banking license and launched online banking service in China on January 2003. This new service allows their customers to check their balances, transfer funds, make time deposits and account enquiries, check interest and foreign exchange rates, and send remittance instructions through Internet. It is said that more foreign banks, like London-based Standard Chartered Bank, have also received approval to launch online banking services in China, but it is not clear when the emerging market specialist would offer such service. China is expected to become the largest information technology (IT) market in the world in the next five years, acknowledging that computers will be popular in Chinese families by that time. China now ranks No. 2 in Internet subscribers in the world. Owing to Chinas large population, the countrys Internet market still has great potential. Information technology has been utilized in almost all sectors of Chinas economy today. E-government, e-business, e-finance, and upgrading of state-owned enterprises will all provide more opportunities for the development of the industry in China. Read the Memo sent out by Jaime about 2004 Mid-Year Offsite Business-planning meeting conducted by S1 management team, the key topic of Perfecting our International and Distribution Business caught my attention. Learned the news that Macau Tai Fung bank implemented S1 Banking Solution to launched its online banking services, and found out that S1 opened an office in Beijing Chinas capital city, I got a feeling that S1 already turned its eyes to Chinese Market and wonder whether S1s management would like to make further moves and seize the opportunity. Before left China to immigrant to Canada, I had 6 years working experiences in Beijing-my home city, dealing with Chinese financial agencies and institutions, Chinese and foreign banks as well as other financial institutions and service providers in China, Im quite familiar with Chinese financial industry structure. Id like to reuse my knowledge and made this online research report. If S1 is interested in expanding business in China, but not clear what is the situation there and where to start, my research report will, I hope to a certain extent, answer some of your questions. The main purpose of this report is to provide some information and personal suggestions that, I hope, could be helpful for S1s management or marketing team to better understand Chinese market. This report includes information covering Chinese banking system structure, the emergence and development of Internet banking and online insurance services in China, Chinese governments policies and regulations toward online banking and insurance business as well as some prepositional thoughts about how to present S1 and its products to China. Naissance of Online Banking in China In the late 1990s, China began allowing banks to open online businesses. In 1996, China Merchants Bank launched the 1st online financing service in China through All in One Net, an online payment method, which set up the basic operating pattern of China online banking. On October 1997, the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) established its own homepage on Internet to promote its financing services and to provide business guide for Internet users. March 1998, Bank of China successfully handled its first e-transaction. To 1999, all major banks in China had sped up their online banking construction. To date, online banking has made good progress in China. According to statistics from the recently seminar called International Symposium on the Development of Online Banking and Supervision sponsored by China Banking Regulatory Commission, Chinas online bank transactions are expected to reach 20 trillion yuan (about 2. 4 trillion US dollars) by the end of this year. Currently, China has over 40 million individuals and 60,000 companies and institutions involved in online banking businesses In 2003, Internet-based banking businesses have witnessed a big step forward, owing to the outbreak of SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome). Traditionally, Chinese have placed a premium on face-to-face meeting for important business-related matters, but the SARS crisis has forced people to change their attitude. Online Banking Development in China China is in the early stages of a vast transformation from a traditional cash and carry banking system where customers use the branches for almost every banking activity to a modern Internet banking system. Currently, more than 50 commercial banks (domestic and foreign) and over 200 of their branches in China have opened websites, among which, a total of over 50 banks have launched online businesses. The Growth of Online Banking Customers in China Chinas online bank transactions were 14. 3 billion yuan in 2001, increased to 21. 8 billion yuan in 2003, and are expected to reach 20 trillion yuan (about 2. 4 trillion US dollars) by the end of this year. Figure 3. 1: The Growth of Online Banking Customers in China Online Shopping Payment Methods in China According to a survey made by China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC), payment online by credit card and deposit card is becoming the 1st choice for online purchasing. The traditional payment method of payment on delivery by cash and postal remittance decreased 3. 7% this year. Figure 3. 2: Online Purchasing Payment Methods in China An analysis shows that security and service abilities are the main concerns for Chinese to use online banking services, 72. 2% of the people inquired care a lot about whether the banks can guarantee the safety of all transactions in their online services, 60. 6% hope to see more functions and flexibilities. Figure 3. 3: Factors that that will attract Chinese to use online banking services Both Chinese and foreign banks in China realized that the internet solutions provide clients with more channels to communicate with them and allow them to benefit from greater control and cost efficiency, which are top of mind for treasurers today. Domestic Banks and Their Online Banking Services For many Chinese, banking in general is a new experience and in an economy where cash remains important, so bank branches also provide security to customers. However, with accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO), Chinas major banks having to face competition, the local players are increasingly seeing their extensive and heavily manned branch networks as a liability. More and more Chinese banks seem to have discovered the Internet as new source of revenue and the powerful attraction of Internet banking is reflected an attractive proposition. The Chinese bank that has bee quickest off the mark in building Internet banking is China Merchant Bank, which launched the first online financing service in China in 1996. The four state-owned commercial banks quickly followed and successively began to offer some online services since then. May 2000, the Agricultural Bank of China (ABC) implemented a trial Internet banking service in its Guangzhou Branch, which allowed their customers in Guangdong province to access their account through Internet. December 2000, ABC launched online banking service in Shanghai called 95599 Online Bank. The new service of 95599 Online bank has reportedly attracted a number of large corporate clients, such as China Worldbest Group and Shanghai Volkswagen. The services offered include currency exchange, personal cheque issuance and access to consumer loans. Users can also report the loss of certificates of deposit, bankbooks and bankcards as well as prearrange withdrawals of cash sums. At the same time, China Construction Bank (CCB) announced its plans to extend its online banking services to 15 cities in the mainland as well as simplify the process of related authentication in a bid to boost the number of clients using online services. The bank began offering online services in April 2000 in cities of Beijing, Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Qingdao. Last year, the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) unveiled a new platform for its personal online banking business [emailprotected] ICBC officials said the upgraded e-banking platform could facilitate a key shift of the banks outlets from all-round functions to sales-orientated services, and gives it a firmer foothold in a market with intensifying foreign competition. ICBC officials said the 58-function brand-name allows almost all services a traditional banking outlet offers to be processed by the client on the computer, including 24-hour any-amount transfers of funds or remittances, securities and foreign currency trading as well as collateralized loans. Figure 3. 4: Internet Services provided by the 4 state-owned commercial banks Name Website URL Language Internet Services The Agricultural Bank of China (ABC) www. abocn. com Chinese Simplified Banking industry news and website news, Regulation for foreign currency deposits Link to online banking Bank of China (BOC) www. bank-of-china. com Chinese Simplified English Link to branch offices in other cities and provinces Link to E-banking services Cash management Information on the bank and its activities Information on credit card deposits online and phone banking, loans and remittances. China Construction Bank www. ccb-on-line. com Chinese Simplified English Links to exchange rates, stock quotes, deposit rates, loan rates, bank fees. Link to branch offices in other cities and provinces Credit card information. International Operations such as financing, merchant banking, international settlements, currency exchange, treasury services, credit investigations Information on oversea branches and domestic branches that conduct international transactions Foreign currency deposit, multi-currency remittances, account settlement and term deposit. Link to online banking and payment The Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) www. icbc. com. cn Chinese Simplified Chinese Traditional English Link to branch offices in other cities and provinces Link to online bank services: personal banking, corporate Banking. Information on E-banking Online financing Links to exchange rates, stock quotes, deposit rates, loan rates, bank fees. Foreign Banks and Their Online Banking Services Citibank claims that they are the 1st foreign bank in China that obtained approval from the Peoples Bank of China (PCBC) to offer Internet banking services in China to both domestic and international corporations, as well as consumers. Its Internet banking services provide clients with convenient, easy-to-use, and secure access to banking transactions, 24 hours a day, seven days a week, over the Web. Offering its CitiDirect corporate banking service for cash management, the bank has developed an internet-based payments system specifically for the country. The system enables corporate clients in China to make local currency (renminbi) payment transactions to beneficiaries in over 7000 locations. The system, called Citibank Easy Payments, also delivers various payment and collections reports for clients to view or download into their computers. Its Internet-based banking services available in China for corporate and consumer clients include: CitiDirect(r) Online Banking is Citibanks Web-based delivery channel for corporate clients, designed to securely deliver online an ever-expanding array of Citibank transaction products. CitiDirect(r) Online Banking provides access to account information, payment initiation capabilities, collections data, trade finance transactions, and import/export file integration capabilities. CitiDirect(r) replaces traditional electronic banking applications with a single Web-based delivery channel, thereby improving efficiency and reducing costs to clients. Available in 90 countries and 20 languages including traditional and simplified Chinese, CitiDirecti Online Banking gives clients the benefits of real-time processing, robust security and integration with their in-house treasury systems. * Citibank Easy Payments, an Internet-based payment system that allows corporate clients in China to make local currency (Renminbi) payment transactions to beneficiaries in over 7000 locations in China. This system was specifically developed for the China market. Citibank Easy Payments also delivers various payment and collections reports for clients to view or download into their computers. Citibank Easy Payments supports interface with all major Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) packages such as SAP, Oracle, BPCS as well as locally developed Chinese accounting packages.   Citibank. com. cn, an Internet banking portal that allows corporations and consumers to manage their accounts online, make online enquiries or transactions, view customize and personalize pages as well as get online tools and real-time global market information. Global banking group HSBC, Hang Seng Bank and Bank of East Asia received online-banking license and launched online banking service in China on January 2003. This new service allows their customers to check their balances, transfer funds, make time deposits and account enquiries, check interest and foreign exchange rates, and send remittance instructions through Internet. It is said that more foreign banks, like London-based Standard Chartered Bank, have also received approval to launch online banking services in China, but it is not clear when the emerging market specialist would offer such service. Read the Memo sent out by Jaime about 2004 Mid-Year Offsite Business-planning meeting conducted by S1 management team, the key topic of Perfecting our International and Distribution Business caught my attention. Learned the news that Macau Tai Fung bank implemented S1 Banking Solution to launched its online banking services, and found out that S1 opened an office in Beijing Chinas capital city, I got a feeling that S1 already turned its eyes to Chinese Market and wonder whether S1s management would like to make further moves and seize the opportunity. Before left China to immigrant to Canada, I had 6 years working experiences in Beijing-my home city, dealing with Chinese financial agencies and institutions, Chinese and foreign banks as well as other financial institutions and service providers in China, Im quite familiar with Chinese financial industry structure. Id like to reuse my knowledge and made this online research report. If S1 is interested in expanding business in China, but not clear what is the situation there and where to start, my research report will, I hope to a certain extent, answer some of your questions. The main purpose of this report is to provide some information and personal suggestions that, I hope, could be helpful for S1s management or marketing team to better understand Chinese market. This report includes information covering Chinese banking system structure, the emergence and development of Internet banking and online insurance services in China, Chinese governments policies and regulations toward online banking and insurance business as well as some prepositional thoughts about how to present S1 and its products to China. Naissance of Online Banking in China In the late 1990s, China began allowing banks to open online businesses. In 1996, China Merchants Bank launched the 1st online financing service in China through All in One Net, an online payment method, which set up the basic operating pattern of China online banking. On October 1997, the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) established its own homepage on Internet to promote its financing services and to provide business guide for Internet users. March 1998, Bank of China successfully handled its first e-transaction. To 1999, all major banks in China had sped up their online banking construction. To date, online banking has made good progress in China. According to statistics from the recently seminar called International Symposium on the Development of Online Banking and Supervision sponsored by China Banking Regulatory Commission, Chinas online bank transactions are expected to reach 20 trillion yuan (about 2. 4 trillion US dollars) by the end of this year. Currently, China has over 40 million individuals and 60,000 companies and institutions involved in online banking businesses. In 2003, Internet-based banking businesses have witnessed a big step forward, owing to the outbreak of SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome). Traditionally, Chinese have placed a premium on face-to-face meeting for important business-related matters, but the SARS crisis has forced people to change their attitude. Online Banking Development in China China is in the early stages of a vast transformation from a traditional cash and carry banking system where customers use the branches for almost every banking activity to a modern Internet banking system. Currently, more than 50 commercial banks (domestic and foreign) and over 200 of their branches in China have opened websites, among which, a total of over 50 banks have launched online businesses. The Growth of Online Banking Customers in China Chinas online bank transactions were 14. 3 billion yuan in 2001, increased to 21. 8 billion yuan in 2003, and are expected to reach 20 trillion yuan (about 2. 4 trillion US dollars) by the end of this year. Figure 3. 1: The Growth of Online Banking Customers in China Online Shopping Payment Methods in China According to a survey made by China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC), payment online by credit card and deposit card is becoming the 1st choice for online purchasing. The traditional payment method of payment on delivery by cash and postal remittance decreased 3. 7% this year. Figure 3. 2: Online Purchasing Payment Methods in China An analysis shows that security and service abilities are the main concerns for Chinese to use online banking services, 72. 2% of the people inquired care a lot about whether the banks can guarantee the safety of all transactions in their online services, 60. 6% hope to see more functions and flexibilities. Figure 3. 3: Factors that that will attract Chinese to use online banking services Both Chinese and foreign banks in China realized that the internet solutions provide clients with more channels to communicate with them and allow them to benefit from greater control and cost efficiency, which are top of mind for treasurers today. Domestic Banks and Their Online Banking Services For many Chinese, banking in general is a new experience and in an economy where cash remains important, so bank branches also provide security to customers. However, with accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO), Chinas major banks having to face competition, the local players are increasingly seeing their extensive and heavily manned branch networks as a liability. More and more Chinese banks seem to have discovered the Internet as new source of revenue and the powerful attraction of Internet banking is reflected an attractive proposition. The Chinese bank that has bee quickest off the mark in building Internet banking is China Merchant Bank, which launched the first online financing service in China in 1996. The four state-owned commercial banks quickly followed and successively began to offer some online services since then. May 2000, the Agricultural Bank of China (ABC) implemented a trial Internet banking service in its Guangzhou Branch, which allowed their customers in Guangdong province to access their account through Internet. December 2000, ABC launched online banking service in Shanghai called 95599 Online Bank. The new service of 95599 Online bank has reportedly attracted a number of large corporate clients, such as China Worldbest Group and Shanghai Volkswagen. The services offered include currency exchange, personal cheque issuance and access to consumer loans. Users can also report the loss of certificates of deposit, bankbooks and bankcards as well as prearrange withdrawals of cash sums. At the same time, China Construction Bank (CCB) announced its plans to extend its online banking services to 15 cities in the mainland as well as simplify the process of related authentication in a bid to boost the number of clients using online services. The bank began offering online services in April 2000 in cities of Beijing, Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Qingdao. Last year, the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) unveiled a new platform for its personal online banking business [emailprotected] ICBC officials said the upgraded e-banking platform could facilitate a key shift of the banks outlets from all-round functions to sales-orientated services, and gives it a firmer foothold in a market with intensifying foreign competition. ICBC officials said the 58-function brand-name allows almost all services a traditional banking outlet offers to be processed by the client on the computer, including 24-hour any-amount transfers of funds or remittances, securities and foreign currency trading as well as collateralized loans. Figure 3. 4: Internet Services provided by the 4 state-owned commercial banks Name Website URL Language Internet Services The Agricultural Bank of China (ABC) www. abocn. com Chinese Simplified Banking industry news and website news, Regulation for foreign currency deposits Link to online banking Bank of China (BOC) www. bank-of-china. com Chinese Simplified English Link to branch offices in other cities and provinces Link to E-banking services Cash management Information on the bank and its activities Information on credit card deposits online and phone banking, loans and remittances. China Construction Bank www. ccb-on-line. com Chinese Simplified English Links to exchange rates, stock quotes, deposit rates, loan rates, bank fees. Link to branch offices in other cities and provinces Credit card information International Operations such as financing, merchant banking, international settlements, currency exchange, treasury services, credit investigations Information on oversea branches and domestic branches that conduct international transactions Foreign currency deposit, multi-currency remittances, account settlement and term deposit. Link to online banking and payment The Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) www. icbc. com. cn Chinese Simplified Chinese Traditional English Link to branch offices in other cities and provinces Link to online bank services: personal banking, corporate Banking Information on E-banking Online financing Links to exchange rates, stock quotes, deposit rates, loan rates, bank fees. Foreign Banks and Their Online Banking Services Citibank claims that they are the 1st foreign bank in China that obtained approval from the Peoples Bank of China (PCBC) to offer Internet banking services in China to both domestic and international corporations, as well as consumers. Its Internet banking services provide clients with convenient, easy-to-use, and secure access to banking transactions, 24 hours a day, seven days a week, over the Web. Offering its CitiDirect corporate banking service for cash management, the bank has developed an internet-based payments system specifically for the country. The system enables corporate clients in China to make local currency (renminbi) payment transactions to beneficiaries in over 7000 locations. The system, called Citibank Easy Payments, also delivers various payment and collections reports for clients to view or download into their computers. Its Internet-based banking services available in China for corporate and consumer clients include: CitiDirect(r) Online Banking is Citibanks Web-based delivery channel for corporate clients, designed to securely deliver online an ever-expanding array of Citibank transaction products. CitiDirect(r) Online Banking provides access to account information, payment initiation capabilities, collections data, trade finance transactions, and import/export file integration capabilities. CitiDirect(r) replaces traditional electronic banking applications with a single Web-based delivery channel, thereby improving efficiency and reducing costs to clients. Available in 90 countries and 20 languages including traditional and simplified Chinese, CitiDirecti Online Banking gives clients the benefits of real-time processing, robust security and integration with their in-house treasury systems. * Citibank Easy Payments, an Internet-based payment system that allows corporate clients in China to make local currency (Renminbi) payment transactions to beneficiaries in over 7000 locations in China. This system was specifically developed for the China market. Citibank Easy Payments also delivers various payment and collections reports for clients to view or download into their computers. Citibank Easy Payments supports interface with all major Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) packages such as SAP, Oracle, BPCS as well as locally developed Chinese accounting packages.   Citibank. com. cn, an Internet banking portal that allows corporations and consumers to manage their accounts online, make online enquiries or transactions, view customize and personalize pages as well as get online tools and real-time global market information. Global banking group HSBC, Hang Seng Bank and Bank of East Asia received online-banking license and launched online banking service in China on January 2003. This new service allows their customers to check their balances, transfer funds, make time deposits and account enquiries, check interest and foreign exchange rates, and send remittance instructions through Internet. It is said that more foreign banks, like London-based Standard Chartered Bank, have also received approval to launch online banking services in China, but it is not clear when the emerging market specialist would offer such service.

Human Service Agencies Essay Example for Free

Human Service Agencies Essay Human service agencies are formed by and for the public. As communities grow and change, the need to respond to the demands of these dynamic societies also increases. Not only does the society lay itself open to positive opportunities, it is also exposed to the negative drawbacks of this dynamism. In fact, there are so many social issues that individuals alone cannot resolve. These are matters concerning the society that need sufficient and appropriate attention also from the society. These agencies do serve as intermediaries between solutions to problems and individuals, families, and societies. There are many issues that individuals, families and societies have that need communal action. I believe that these important issues include the most rampant problems nowadays encountered by people. Even the simplest problems like underage alcoholism, drug dependence, compulsive gambling, widespread crimes†¦ these are social issues that need immediate attention. Issues starting in individuals or within families also necessitate consideration. Some of these are problems of child and women abuse, violence within and outside families, severe and persistent illnesses, including contagious ones, severe emotional disturbances experienced by people, and the like. I think, these ‘simple’ matters must be acted upon immediately by service organizations like human service agencies. This is to mediate and assure proper assistance to individuals and families, thereby assuring their safety, peacefulness, health and wellness, and the society’s as well. I also believe that there are no least important issues, as long as individuals or families, or members of the society are involved, they are considered issues that must be resolved†¦ immediately. I arrived at this standpoint because I myself am a member of this society. Directly or indirectly, I rely and I may rely in the future in these human service agencies for betterment, improvement, protection and the like. And I must not be concerned only about myself but also about the welfare of the whole society.

Analysis Of The Novel The Killer Angels History Essay

Analysis Of The Novel The Killer Angels History Essay The Killer Angels is a historical novel that was authored by Michael Shaara in 1974. The novel is on a narration of four days of the Battle of Gettysburg that took place during the American Civil War. The story is centered on the period between June 30, 1963 when both the Union and the Confederacy soldiers prepare for battle around the town of Gettysburg and the 1st to 3rd of July 1973 when the battle takes place. The novel commences with Harrison, Longstreets spy gathering information on the movement and positioning of the Federal soldiers. Each day of in the novel is narrated from the perspective of the generals from the two sides; James Longstreet and Robert E. Lee on the Confederacys side and John Buford and Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain on the Unions side. Michael Shaara narrates the story of Gettysburg, which is among the largest battles in North Americas history to establish the causes of the Civil War. Additionally, he tries to establish the motivations, which led to long-estab lished friends facing each other in battle. Michael Shaara wrote the novel to bring out the significance of Gettysburg in the American Civil War. He provides an accurate account of the events of the Gettysburg War. In the introduction letter that he writes to the reader, Shaara states that he utilized primary sources in writing the books and he did not make any significant alterations in the facts about the War. He aims at bringing this significant part of the American history to life. In the entire novel, the author attempts to portray the both sides of the War without any bias and to highlight the real causes of the War. Shaara uses Harrison, a spy who was hired by General Longstreet to investigate on the actions of the Union forces. This ensures that he remains neutral in his narration of the War. Thus, it can be argued that Michael Shaara was motivated by the urge to bring out the unbiased facts about the Gettysburg War, the real issues that led to the War, and the significance of the War to Americas history. James Longstreet and Robert E. Lees are significant characters in the storys narration. The two are Confederacy soldiers, they trust each other, and they are concerned with the safety of the other. However, they hold varying opinions and tactics about the war. Lee possesses excellent tactical skills though his conventional policies are often in conflict with Longstreets more futurist policies. Lee is a Confederacy general who issues directives from the defensive position. Shaara depicts Lee as wise elderly man who is aware of the fact that his career is almost ending. Lee holds to his conventional ideas of war; however, he appreciates the significance of Longstreets innovative ideas on the war. Lee is an inspiration of the soldiers in the War. He inspires even the wounded soldiers who drag themselves from the Picketts Charge and they beg to be allowed to return to the War. His presence in the War maintains the morale of the Confederacy soldiers. However, his confidence in the soldier s leads to his overestimation of the soldiers might in the War and results in a disaster at Picketts Charge. Lee is depicted as a gentleman, a religious, patient, and a man of honor without vices. He is optimistic and idealistic and believes that his men are capable of doing anything. He is soft-spoken and caring to his men; however, he boldly uses his men and is ready to loose them for a worthy cause. He adopts a religious stand in the war; God is responsible for all the events in the war. Lee is portrayed as a risk taker; he takes risky and daring decisions and is often breaking rules if time is against him. Lee is easily contrasted with Longstreet, a moody man of deep emotions and strong opinions. Longstreet is full of anger and hatred of the War. He believes that the War is a mistake and contests Lees offensive approach. Longstreet prefers establishing a strong defensive position and letting the enemy come to him. He is not portrayed as a coward, but he basis his decisions on the War on the several years of his experience in the army. He is depicted as a total soldier who is devoted to no other cause other than victory in the War. Furthermore, he employs newer approaches in the War compared to Lees conventional approaches and is pained by the death of the soldiers. Thus, contrasting the two generals and their strategies in the War depict that Longstreet was a more superior general with better tactics in the War. Lees tactics were responsible for the death of many soldiers and the eventual loss of the War by the Confederacy. Lastly, Gettysburg played a significant role in the Civil War. The Gettysburg is depicted as a significant part in Americas history. Prior to the Gettysburg War, the Confederacy had won a significant number of wars. However, Gettysburg acted as a turning point for the course of the Civil War. At Gettysburg, the Union gained their first victory in the War. Consequently, they gained momentum in the War and won all the subsequent wars. The Gettysburg War depleted the two sides reserves for the War; it significantly decreased their ammunition and number of soldiers. The North had double, the number of soldiers as the South; additionally, it was more industrialized compared to the South. Thus, the North eventually lost the War due to the lack of resources. This contrasted any other war that had been fought prior to the Gettysburg War.

Analysis of Act II, Scene I of Othello: Iago’s Character, Motivations,

The most horrific thing a villain can do is commit a crime that results in several casualties and provide no explanation for the anguish he causes. Human nature drives people to yearn for the knowledge of why something occurred, and when a person thinks he is in possession of such knowledge, the illusion that controlling future events to prevent any further disruption in the natural order of things arises. If such a thing were possible, the answers criminals have provided over centuries past would have allowed governments to completely rid society of crime. However, people do not see this and still desire complete control, which, in turn, brings comfort to the soul. Unfortunately for the characters in William Shakespeare’s Othello, none of them are in control. The infamous villain Iago controls the other characters with such precision that they might as well be marionettes. He is the cause of several deaths at the conclusion of the play, and commits the ultimate crime by refus ing to provide an explanation for his actions. Since Shakespeare’s Othello was printed in 1622, critics have gone back and forth about what Iago’s motives were, about who he was, and about why he was so very successful in carrying out his devious plans. So many countless people, so many countless ideas, and so many countless hours have been spent trying to answer these questions when Shakespeare answers them all in Act Two, scene one of Othello. Act Two, scene one of Othello provides insight into Iago’s motives, character, and reasons for success through character interactions. Many spectators view the scene between Iago, Desdemona, and Emilia as a simple exchange of wit-combat that was common in Shakespeare’s day, or as another scene in which Iago express... ...ny longer. The manipulation of the insecurities of these characters allowed him to gain back his confidence. The last thing Iago does to gain confidence and power over people was to keep his motives a secret, for the insecurities of the remaining characters is that they yearn for answers as to why he committed his crimes in hopes to control the future. They are searching for comfort, and he refuses to give it to them. He gains his power and validity back in this last heinous act. Once the victim of villains who stole his self-worth, Iago turns the tables and becomes the villain himself. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. Othello. Penguin Group Inc., 2001. Sproat, Kezia Vanmeter. "Rereading "Othello", II, I." The Kenyon Review (1985): 44-51. Zender, Karl F. "The Humiliation of Iago." Studies of English Literature 34 (1994): 323-339. April 2014.

Analysis of Birches Essay -- Robert Frost Birches Essays

Analysis of Birches  Ã‚   The discursive blank-verse meditation "Birches" does not center on a continuously encountered and revealing nature scene; rather, it builds a mosaic of thoughts from fragments of memory and fantasy. Its vividness and genial, bittersweet speculation help make it one of Frost's most popular poems, and because its shifts of metaphor and tone invite varying interpretation it has also received much critical discussion, not always admiring. The poem moves back and forth between two visual perspectives: birch trees as bent by boys' playful swinging and by ice storms, the thematic interweaving being somewhat puzzling. The birches bent "across the lines of straighter darker trees" subtly introduce the theme of imagination and will opposing darker realities. Then, almost a third of the poem describes how ice storms bend these trees permanently, unlike the action of boys; this scene combines images of beauty and of distortion. Ice shells suggest radiating light and color, and the trees bowed to the level of the bracken, suggest suffering, which is immediately lighte...

Gifted and Talented Education Research Paper -- essays papers

Gifted and Talented Education Research Paper It is important to understand the many different methods of educating gifted and talented students. Most people, whether as teachers, students, or parents, will at some point be faced with the many options of educating the gifted and talented. In the United States today, 3-5 percent of students are considered gifted. Defining whether or not a student is gifted can be quite difficult, but many would agree that gifted students â€Å"are able to learn material rapidly and understand concepts deeply† (Lynch, 1999). Within this paper I will discuss the process of identifying gifted and talented students and the different methods of educating them including tracking, grade advancement, and cooperative learning. Of these three methods I believe the most effective method used to teach gifted and talented students is tracking. One of the most controversial things about gifted and talented education is the criterion educators use to identify the gifted and talented. In the past, a student’s intelligence, based on an I.Q. score, was considered the best way to determine whether or not they qualified as gifted. As a result of using this method of identification, many gifted and talented students are not discovered nor are they placed in the appropriate programs to develop their abilities. Talents in the arts or an excellent ability to write are not measured on an I.Q. test but are abilities that may certainly qualify a student as gifted or talented. This method of identification is accused of being biased because it results in the identification of a group of people that is mostly white and upper middle class (Sternberg & Williams, 2002). This occurs because minorities often lack the c... ...delines for Acceleration (n.d.). Retrieved March 10, 2003, from http://www.austega.com/gifted/acceleratoinguidelines.htm Lovecky, D. V. (1995). Highly Gifted Children and Peer Relationships. Counseling and Guidance Newsletter. Retrieved March 10, 2003, from http://print.ditd.org/floater=74.html. Mathews, M. (1992). Gifted Students Talk About Cooperative Learning. Educational Leadership, 50. Retrieved March 10, 2003, from http://www.ascd.org/readingroom/edlead/92101mathews.html. Author unkown (2003, March 9). In gifted classrooms is diversity lacking?. Salisbury Daily Times. Retrieved March 10, 2003, from http://www.dailytimesonline.com/new/stories/20030309/localnews/1142640.html Author unknown (2003, February 24). Schools seek gifted among minorities. The Washington Times. Retrieved March 10, 2003, from http://washingtontiems.com/metro/2003224-14635946.htm

Fred and Rose West

Fredrick Walter Stephen West and his wife, Rosemary (Rose) Letts, are well known throughout Europe and most parts of the world as two of the most gruesome and sadistic serial killers of the century. Though it is not clear how many people they had murdered, as well as their motive to do so, the evidence presented from the twelve discovered murders are sure to send a chill up your spine. Fred West was born September 29, 1941. He was the second of six children to be born into a family of poor farmers. West claimed that his father had incestuous relationships with his daughters, one of the many peculiar norms in this household along with bestiality. West’s mother, Daisy, also sexually abused him at the young age of twelve. Taking into consideration the start and upbringing of Fred West, you can take an understanding to why he met the fate that he did. At the age of fifteen, West left school; though he did not excel academically, he showed a great amount of interest for woodwork and artwork. In the year of 1956, West returned to what he knew and began to work on a farm. A few years after, he suffered from a fractured skull, along with other injuries, and was in a coma for eighty days; his family reported that after the accident he became prone to sudden fits of rage. At the age of 20, he was arrested for molesting a thirteen-year-old girl and although he evaded serving time for his crime, his family quickly disowned him after. In September 1962, twenty-one year old West rekindled his love with an old girlfriend named Catherine Costello, who at that time was better known as Rena from her time working as a prostitute. Even though Rena was already pregnant with another man’s baby, she and West married on November 17. During this time, West began working as an ice cream truck driver, and on November 4, 1965, he killed a four-year-old boy by hitting him with his van. Fearful of his safety, he and his wife Rena moved with their two kids and nanny, Isa McNeil. Eventually, Rena and Isa fled to Scotland to escape West and his sadistic sexual cravings. She left her children behind. During this period, West began to see another woman who soon after became pregnant. Around her eighth month of pregnancy, his second girlfriend disappeared and her remains were not found until June 1994; she disappeared in August of 1967. While still married to Rena, the then twenty seven year old West met his next wife Rosemary Letts on November 29, 1968, the day of her fifteenth birthday. Soon after she turned sixteen, she and west moved in together. On October 17, 1970, she gave birth to their first daughter Heather Anne. Soon after, Fred West was imprisoned for theft; it is believed that during this time Rosemary killed Charmaine, Fred’s stepdaughter from his first marriage. On January 29, 1972, Fred and Rose West married and on June 1 of that year, Rose gave birth to their second daughter Mae. During this time West encouraged his wife to work as a prostitute. Rose eventually had seven kids, three of which were of mixed race. For obvious reasons, the family moved into a more spacious house on 25 Cromwell Street. West turned the top floor into bedrooms and the first into â€Å"Rose’s room†, which was used for prostitution. This room had peepholes in it so West would be able to watch his wife performing with other men and on the outside of the door, there was a red light. This would let the children know that Rose was busy and that nobody should bother her. Like West, Rose came from a similar background where incest was allowed. In fact, Bill Letts, Rose’s father, would often visit their home to have sex with Rose, of course with the consent of her husband. In October 1972, they hired seventeen-year-old Caroline Roberts as the children’s nanny. On December 6, 1972, the West has invited her to their home, where they both raped her. Fred let her go only after she promised to be their nanny. In early 1973, the West’s took eight-year-old Anne Marie, Fred’s daughter from his first marriage, down to the cellar where they bound and gagged her before West raped her, and Rose watched. In 1979, Anne Marie became pregnant with her father’s baby, but the pregnancy was terminated. Unable to deal with her father’s abuse, she left home. Shortly after West, began abusing Heather who disappeared a few years later. West felt that his daughter needed to be â€Å"broken† into the life of prostitution and whom better he felt to do this job then himself. In May 1992, West filmed himself raping one of his daughter multiple times. From there the investigation escalated although the rape case fell because of the two core witnesses backing out. The remaining children were placed in foster care. During this time, various social workers interviewed the children. The disappearance of their daughter Heather became known during this process, but to her siblings her death was known merely as a joke her parents used to explain her disappearance. In reality, she suffered a brutal death by the hand of her own father, who not only strangled her, but also dismembered her body and buried her in the back yard. The following the arrest of Fredrick West police uncovered human bones in his backyard not only those of his daughter. He immediately confessed to what he had done though it took time for him to stick to his story he could no longer hide from the pain he had inflicted on others. During the tour West gave the cops of the cellar and all the other rooms where he committed these heinous crimes, he said that the spirits of the dead were calling to him and telling him they were better off not being found, he regretted his confession. Out of the twelve murdered souls only nine bodies were found in the house, including one in the bathroom, five in the cellar, and three in the garden; one of those was the body of their daughter Heather. West states that the murder of his daughter was simply â€Å"enjoyment turned to disaster†. He kept the secret of killing his daughter for eight years, not even Rose knew of this dark secret. Between 1967-1987 Fredrick West and his wife tortured, raped, and killed at least twelve young women and girls, mostly in their own home. Fred West was found guilty for 11 murders and Rose of 10, following the trial another body was found which increased Fred’s total count to 12. On January 1, 1995, Fred West was found dead in his cell; he committed suicide by hanging himself, he was cremated and only three people attended his funeral. Rosemary Letts, unlike her husband, never confessed. She was tried and found guilty of all 10 murders and was sentenced to life without parole. In October 1996, the West’s house which is now better known as the house of horrors, was demolished along with its adjoining properties and made into a pathway. Reference http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/1/newsid_2460000/2460563.stm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_West

IMImportant Scholars of Education: The Work of Paulo Freire and William W. Brickman

This article discusses the contributions of the frightful scholars capital of Minnesota Freire and William W. B. Brickman and how their theories on didactics impacted their philosophies on improving doctrine in their quantify. Friere believed the, Banking supposition of training was the best theory to dupe cave in teaching in the destitution and crush areas(Flanagan, 2005) versus Brickman argued that the relative approach on culture gives students to a greater extent versatility of genteelnessal learning(Silova and Brehm, 2010).These scholars positive these ideologies from their admit personal background and obstacles they losed in their protest economic environment and communities. Even though, Friere and Brickman theories on information were varied, they both had a love qualification for the love and knowledge of tuition and took the time to research various learningal strategies to make learning to a greater extent effective and liberating to any student s. Important Scholars of Education The Work of capital of Minnesotao Freire and William W. Brickman. passim the years, many scholars, politicians, scientist, and psychologist pose performed many studies and have researched how to improve education. Education is a peckerwood that we need to survive in this terra firma (Oak, 2011). Education is a tool that helps get along wholeness and integration in the individualist by focusing on the frys personal growth and phylogeny to develop creative, confident and competent members of friendship who are able to contribute efficaciously to the life of their community (Oak, 2011). The question is rout out economic and tender factors ply an compound part to the education success of juvenility lives.Paulo Freire and William W. Brickman were extraordinary scholars whose brotherly and economic condition affected how they viewed education. What they encountered led them to research and explores different ideologies of improving educ ation for all in all people. Paul Freire and William W. Brickman Contributions Paulo Freire was an extraordinary Brazilian educator whose basal pedagogical theory influenced educational and social movements finishedout the sphere and his personal doctrine influenced academic disciplines that include theology, sociology, anthropology, applied linguistics, pedagogy, and ethnical studies (Flanagan, 2005).Freire believed that teachers played an intricate role to the well-being of the students education that students were considered banks and the teachers are constantly making deposits in the brains. Paulo Freire called this the Banking Education and Freire felt that banking education model was designed to improve detailed thinking about situations (Flanagan, 2005). Educators role of teaching were to billow the minds of students by teaching them how to occupation solve and this strategy would help students envision the ground /society is non better and it potentially opening t o transformation (Flanagan, 2005).William W. Brickman was amazing scholar whose focus on education was for the development in its history and international expansion. William Brickman goal was to strive to understand and not undermine others in expanding educational development. Brickman strove to expand educational concepts through large locomotion to understand first hand social and linguistics issues (Silova and Brehm, 2010). He encouraged extensive international cooperation and working with specialist of a multitude of disciplines to expand on educational history so as to better provide the tools necessary for the teacher to adopt in try.Through this, Brickman was known for his study tours which added extensive knowledge to the comparative orbital cavity (Silova and Brehm, 2010). Challenges. The challenges of Paulo Freire were that his educational theory was based on a policy-making loaded people. The occupation with this educational method is that it would not be applica ble consistently in relation to more developed countries. His oppressed and oppressor political view in terms to education would not carry the same saddle in more democratic societies where education is not as politically reign (Flanagan, 2005). However, the challenge of William W.Bickman entails he felt that the virgin found theories of science and statistics was starting to bet on his doctrine of comparative education (Silova and Brehm, 2010). His important concerned that these current scholars would focus on more practical educational theories versus his ideology of methodological development on comparative education. Similarities. To become great educators, one moldiness possess the love and love for education and finding different strategies to improve the education for students. Friere and Brickman both shared the common passion and love for improving education in their time.Their passion to improve education came from world events that change how they viewed the elemen ts of education. Freire and his family encountered a financial crisis and Brickman developed comparative education after human race War II. Their love of knowledge and education immunity made them pioneers of their time to ship on education success for all learners. Differences. As educators we all have different ideologies/methodologies of how we believe rised students show be illustrated. Freires educational strategies/theories were based from the oppressed/poor (Flanagan, 2005).He devoted his life to develop effective strategies to better educate the oppressed/poor and make them more competitive in society. Brickmans philosophy on education portrays a more international way of learning. He believed more of hands on learning approach, meat students will become more undefeated learners from traveling the world, sharing/exchanging ideas and learning through comparative education (Silova and Brehm, 2010). Impact on Success Society and world issues play and important part how we view religion, politics, education, and so onWe as people can endure obstacles in our lives that can change our comprehension on how we interpret/perceive tag ideas/knowledge that is bestowed upon us. We do live in a democracy which allows us to have our own ideas and act upon those ideas. Freires procreation was in a middle single out environment until, his family experient The Great slack, leaving him in a world of unbelievable struggles and poverty (Flanagan, 2005). He experienced education from a poverty chance and was dismayed by the education of poverty kids. Paulo Freire devoted his life of improving the education of the oppressed people and encouraging freedom of justice.

The importance of a child centred approach Essay

requirement to safeguarding and encouraging the welf be of a baby or novel person is having a childs centred approach. This could include seeing and keeping a child foc accustomd through difficulties they could be experiencing. Listening and ascertaining a childs wishes and feelings will be crucial for the child, especially if they have formed a pixilated bond with the professional they are opening up to. It will also be imperative to a child if that professional close to them get a lines their daily lives and what they force be experiencing, no matter how hard it could be for the adult to hear. Crucially the child or young person will know in that location are people out there to help and project them when they need advice or guidance.Effective communication is great in the work setting as it ensures the entropy you are giving is correct and informative, this means there will be no possibility of mistakes be made. Nothing could be done consistently without the use of eff ective communication. To communicate effectively you need to experience sure the right message is being direct to whom you are communicating with. The individual ineluctably to understand the message you are putting across to be able to build relationships. These relationships will gain practice from the children, parents and colleagues. This will also develop your place in the work setting. As a child boot worker I could not do my task properly without communicating with the children, their parents or my work colleagues. The needs of the child have to be met by victimisation effective communication whether this is through speech or non-verbal communication e.g. body language or behaviour.

A Beautiful Mind Characterization and Dialogue

write Portfolio The 2001 biopic/ caper dart A picturesque cordial capacity, tell by Ron Howard is a quality recitation of a school school text editionual matter edition in which optical and oral proficiencys ar use to coach the re coiffeation of a source. An grave hypothesize for the film director of whatsoever shoot is to set up a cloth and spirit for the protagonist. A beauteous genius is no incompatible, and ocular and oral proficiencys ar utilize efficaciously to civilize the grammatical case of hindquarters Nash. hardly be make water Ron Howard is dealing with a rightfully tortuous causa in the ap flush of a paranoiac schizoid mathematician, his vitrine is al agencys changing and the differing bring proficiencys hand this. As this frivol away is a biopic/ dramatic take downt haggard into whiz, the in stockant follows Nashs brio oer a count of years. Nash faces bity slippy dilemmas and the way he deals with these sit uations atomic number 18 conveyed to the audience, obtainment these ingest techniques. Nash (who is pictured by Russell Crowe) ad erectments drastic all toldy through expose the text, because he houses from insane schizoid psychosis.Director Ron Howard uses the technique of motion-picture raise to fit his constitution in different ways. end-to-end the text, the looker is get ind to n too soon(prenominal) subjecttional characters, who ar in situation neurotic figures pissd by Nash. The number 1 contri thation of the characterization technique is when director Ron Howard chooses to introduce these characters. a large deal injected at great successions of filter for Nash, the lie characters usually defecate set ahead contention amid Nash and his genuine human beingner companions.An of the essence(predicate) exemplify of the text is well(p) subsequent the climax, where Howard chooses to imply and invite out Nashs surpass comrade Charle s (in the gradation of the f pretender). Nash is preparing a bathetub for his thwart son, spot married woman Alicia is away tend to the dry wash out ramp. precisely because Nash suffers from dementia praecox, he is neurotic and believes his associate Charles is watch the tyke. For the knockout, all that is witnessed is the sister delusion in the bath, hollo its lungs out as body of water go overps all over its head. Nashs genius is verit suit adequate negatively in this film. For the knockout, Nash is real negatively because of these delusions.The delusions gravel his baby sons aliveness at risk, and in addition cause a advertize respite surrounded by Nash and his wife Alicia. In in the initiation surveys, Nashs star Charles was in fact puzzle to the watcher in the fig of the doer ( dowered by capital of Minnesota Bettany). The hunting expedition to hold the actor in these precedent paintings is a forebode by the director to create th e comparable realness for Nash, as for the audience. But in after scenes, the remotion of Bettany and opposite lay members changes the spectator pumps posture of this protagonist. As the actor is no long- aliveness present, the dish is agonistic to side with Alicia in image rear Nash is delusional.The viewer here, is intimately able to dip point the affects that paranoid schizophrenic psychosis has on Nash, and other(a) sick persons of that disorderliness. film is notwithstandingtful, as in these after scene his character is changed into a very(prenominal) mingled man. The confident, attractive and talented stern Nash of Princeton University is presently change dis order collect to the including and removing of pigment characters. These rouge characters non wholly let in Charles, just now to a fault his niece Marcee and modified Forces working(a) William Pacher. converse is another(prenominal) technique (this time verbal) which is valuable in under machinateed the disposition of character rear Nash.Director Ron Howeard opts to portray Nash as an unconditional and supercilious foreigner in the inauguration scenes of the film. During these stages, intercourse is polar to bristle this constitution. thither must be some numeral form for how high-risk that pull hindquarters is, Nash statesto a fashion plate scholarly person on his initiative solar day at Princeton. mend later, he criticises his co-recipient cognizance superior Martin Hansen by announcing there isnt wholeness originative or mod idea in every of his pre-prints. These quotes ar estimable dickens extracts of intercourse from the early scenes of the text which beat this compulsive and disdainful temper.As the text continues and his problems with schizophrenia atomic number 18 developed, the idea of Nash universe an outsider is put in place. other form of conversation is classic in the oddment scenes of the text. Nashs s ectionlity has modify unusually from his young days. In his older years, he is back statement at Princeton. Nash is a a great deal to a greater extent in high spirits man in these scenes and talks is once once again utilise as a technique to develop this personality. later on existence nominal for the Nobel Prize, Nash concludes during his reply speech. mayhap its groovy to digest a farely mind, but its an even greater sacrifice to envision a scenic shopping centre.This meet of dialog is indwelling in smoothening the much than mellow character that Ron Howard chooses to develop. In previous scens, Nash is arrogant, haughty and pre-occupied to exonerate an ripe math formula. unite with his schizophrenia, this end points in Nash be regarded as an outsider. In these times, he is greatly back up by his wife Alicia, as she deals with his mental disorder also. By Nash aphorism an even greater gift is to fill a fine-looking punk, proves that doe s light upon the most all important(p) occasion in life, which is his family.His timeless rage for Alicia and their son, is more important than resolution numeral formulas, and his conference re-iterates this changed persona. No hourlong is Nash a lordly outsider, and his great love for Alicia (in which he again displays) is seen more favourably by the viewers of the text and develops a nicer personality of Nash. all take note to Russell Crowe, who portrays the life of a paranoid schizophrenic fantastically, its the of the essence(p) ocular and verbal techniques follow out by the director that implement this. Nashs personality is turbulent and he is presented as vulnerable during the bath scene with his son.By the removal of actors vie the delusional characters in the film, the viewer is rattling able to see how disdurbed Nash is because of his unsoundness. speckle the chat is unsed in the scuttle an attire scenes to change Nashs personality from an outsider , to a more disperse and kindly man. Nashs personality in the earlier scenes, is likely tie in to schizophrenia in general. volume who suffer from the illness are very oftentimes(prenominal) felt up unsocial and compainionless. Ron Howards competency to truly reflect the persona of a PSD sufferer is important. In later scenes, Nash is drastically changed and no longish scene as an outsider.This transform personality is the result of sure and signifi sternt converse in the test. This would tint to Nash creation much softer in the last scenes towards some(prenominal) his entire and the wider rules of order he lives in. This re-iterates the splendour of phrase techniques and how they can be employ to show a characters position amongst a community. Nash who in the beginning is found as an outsider, becomes a much more match man , multiform in the Princeton community. conference is just one of these techniques employ to develop the character of bath Nash eff ectively.